Relationship between parenting styles and adolescent identity formation in District Sialkot
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71085/rjhsa.04.02.98Keywords:
Parenting Styles, Adolescents, Identity Formation, Relationship, District SialkotAbstract
Parenting styles describe how parents bring up their child and interact with them. Diana Baumrind identified 3 parenting styles: Permissive, Authoritative, & Authoritarian parenting styles. Parenting styles are based on 2 mechanisms of parenting: “responsiveness & demandingness”. This study’s main objective was to determine the impact of several parenting styles on adolescents’ identity formation in District Sialkot. In this study, the correlational research design was used. 300 respondents (boys & girls) were selected from 14-19 years through convenience sampling from schools, colleges, and universities. Divya & Manikandan’s Perceived Parenting Style Scale and Adams, Bennion, & Huh's “Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-II (EOM-EIS II)” were used. Descriptive Statistics, Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation and linear regression were used to check the relationship (strength and direction) among the variables. For data analysis, statistical software SPSS was used. The results showed that Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive parenting have a positive and significant correlation with Identity Formation. Regression identified that the R value (.662a) shows the positive direction and strong magnitude of the relationship between 2 variables. The results revealed that authoritative parenting style is strongly associated with adolescents’ identity formation as compared to other parenting styles. The p-value is .000, which shows a statistically significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Parenting Styles has a 43.8% effect on Identity Formation, which can be categorized as a high effect size.
Downloads
References
Arifain, S. M. K., Sulaiman, W. S. W., Badayai, A. R. A., & Abdullah, N.-A. (2022). Exploring Psychometric Properties of the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-II (EOM-EIS II) among Adolescents in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(4), 1010–1027.
Ashraf, A., Ishfaq, K., Ashraf, M. U., & Ali, J. (2019). Revisiting the role Parenting styles on personality development of Adolescents: A study of District Multan, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Languages Culture and Civilization, 1(1), 11– 26.
Basson, M. (2018). Gender and family structure as moderators in the relationship between parenting styles and identity development among adolescents.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent–Adolescent Relationships: The mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and Parental Authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.
Biado, C. J. O., Paras, D. L., & Dapar, M.A.C. (2025). Identity formation in modern society. Scribd.
Candelanza, A. L., Buot, E. Q. C., & Merin, J. A. (2021). Diana Baumrind’s parenting style and child’s academic performance: A Tie-in. Psychol. Educ. J, 58, 1553-6939.
Chen, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Y. (2019). Parenting styles and adolescent psychological adjustment in Chinese families: The mediating role of social competence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(1), 50-59.
Divya, T.V., & Manikandan, K (2013). Perceived parenting style scale. Department of Psychology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India.
Embalsado, J. V. M. (2021). Emerging adulthood: Identity status and parenting styles. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 10(4), 704-731.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. Norton & Company.
Far, M. T., & Fattahi, N. (2015). Investigating the relationship between the parents’ parenting styles with children’s identity processing. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 4(8), 129-136.
Giri, S. P. (2020). Influence of different parenting styles on adolescents’ identity construction. Cross-Currents an International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(11), 138- 141.
Gutman, L. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2007). Stage-environment fit during adolescence: Trajectories of family relations and adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 522–537. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.522
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. Guilford Press. Ika_Dyah_Purwa. (n.d.). The four common types of parenting styles. Scribd.
Khaira, D., & Basaria, D. (2025, July). The relationship between permissive parenting style and self-confidence in generation Z. In Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2024) (pp. 294-302). Atlantis Press.
Laboviti, B. (2015). Relations between the parenting styles and identity status of teenagers in Albanian context. Journal of Educational and Social Research.
https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1p65
Liu, J., & Wang, Z. (2020). Parenting styles and adolescent identity development: The mediating role of emotional regulation. Journal of Adolescence, 81, 132-144.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp.1-101). New York: Wiley.
Peng, B., Hu, N., Yu, H., Xiao, H., & Luo, J. (2021). Parenting style and adolescent mental health: The chain mediating effects of self-esteem and psychological inflexibility. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.738170
Peter, A. P. (2025). A correlative study on parenting styles and identity formation among young adults. EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD), 10(4).
Rezvan, A., Gowda, R., & D'Souza, L. (2017). Influence of parenting styles and developmental stages on identity formation among adolescents. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(3), 97-105.
Sandhu, D., & Tung, S. (2006). Gender differences in adolescent identity formation. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 21(1-2), 29-40.
Sebangane, L. (2024). The relationship between adolescent identity styles and parenting styles in one and two parent families in Botswana. UWC.
Shah, I., Hasan, M., Zia, K., Ahmad, Z., & Malik, K. N. (2025). Parenting styles and their effects on emotional intelligence and identity development in emerging adulthood. Review Journal of Social Psychology & Social Works, 3(2), 1196–1205.
Shin, H. C., & Lee, S. M. (2021). Cultural influences on parenting practices and adolescent development in East Asia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 24(2), 171-182.
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2021). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 83-110.
Steinberg, L., & Silk, J. (2002). Parenting adolescents. In Handbook of Parenting (pp. 103- 133). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Zhou, H., Tian, C., Hong, L., Fan, Z., & Chen, W. (2024). Relationship between parenting style and peer relationships during early adolescence: The mediating role of parental mentalizing. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 186(2), 144-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2024.2413488.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Zanib Munir, Prof. Dr. Yasir Nawaz Manj, Zeenia Ahmed, Laiba Naeem, Habiba Munir (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
